Over heating
I believe the water pump has sealed bearings so it does not require coolant for lube. Can't believe it matters to the impeller if there is coolant in there or not.
I read you think you have all the air out but it can be a bit tricky. I finally broke down a bought one of those vacuum radiator fillers things for my LS swaps. Got it from HF for about $80? Works great.
Have checked the thermostat and what temp is it? When I replace a LS thermostat before I install it I drill 3 1/8" holes in the flange part to get a bit coolant flow before it opens.
The shop that ran the engine in with low coolant has me puzzled as to why. If the upper cylinders and heads are not surrounded by moving coolant, the heat transfer can not take place and piston skirts, piston domes, valve guides, valve stems, and headgaskets all get very hot, very fast. You’re right with your seized comment. I’d be concerned right away with headgasket seal. You’re gonna have to do a pressure test on the cooling system first. That will give you an indication of headgasket condition. I’d then have to wonder if the rings aren’t hurt, and do a compression test second. Man shops that let their mechanic staff do stupid stuff like this **** me off. Zero reason to put coolant in the engine later, rather than beforehand. Running it for a minute or so isn’t a big deal, but if they ran it for several minutes, a gallon and a half low, while new….oh boy.

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